Techniques for imaging the heart and great vessels

A. Radiography
Cardiac Silhouette Findings and Mediastinal Lines and Stripes: Radiograph and CT Scan Correlation Riccardo Marano, MD, Carlo Liguori, MD, Giancarlo Savino, MD, Biagio Merlino, MD, Luigi Natale, MD and Lorenzo Bonomo, MD CHEST May 2011 vol. 139 no. 5 1186-1196 doi: 10.1378/chest.10-0660
Urgent Findings on Portable Chest Radiography: What the Radiologist Should Know—Review Ashwin Asrani, Rathachai Kaewlai, Subba Digumarthy, Matthew Gilman, and Jo-Anne O. Shepard AJR June 2011 196:S45-S61; doi:10.2214/AJR.09.7170
Comparative Interpretation of CT and Standard Radiography of the Chest Emmanuel E. E. Coche, Benoit Ghaye, Johan de Mey and Philippe Duyck Medical Radiology 2011, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79942-9 Springer
B. Computed tomography
	Cardiac Podcast Lectures Online lecture Series, Cardiac CTA, YouTube
	Cardiac Multidetector CT: Technical and Diagnostic Evaluation with Evidence-based Practice Techniques Eric J. Heffernan, Jonathan D. Dodd, and Dermot E. Malone Radiology August 2008 248:2 366-377; doi:10.1148/radiol.2482070356
	Anatomy and Terminology for the Interpretation and Reporting of Cardiac MDCT: Part 1, Structured Report, Coronary Calcium Screening, and Coronary Artery Anatomy Baskaran Sundaram, Smita Patel, Naama Bogot, and Ella A. Kazerooni AJR March 2009 192:574-583; doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1177
	Anatomy and Terminology for the Interpretation and Reporting of Cardiac MDCT: Part 2, CT Angiography, Cardiac Function Assessment, and Noncoronary and Extracardiac Findings Baskaran Sundaram, Smita Patel, Prachi Agarwal, and Ella A. Kazerooni AJR March 2009 192:584-598; doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1178
	1. Indications
	ACR Appropriateness Criteria® acute chest pain — suspected aortic dissection (revised) Jill E. Jacobs, MD; Chi Wan Koo, MD; Richard D. White, MD; Pamela K. Woodard, MD; Philip A. Araoz, MD; Sharmila Dorbala, MD; Vincent B. Ho, MD, MBA; Edward T. Martin, III, MD; Thomas Ryan, MD; Jens Vogel-Claussen, MD; Charles S. White, MD ACR Appropriateness Criteria
	ACR appropriateness criteria Acute chest pain – suspected pulmonary embolism (revised) Michael A. Bettmann, MD; Scott G. Baginski, MD; Richard D. White, MD; Pamela K. Woodard, MD; Suhny Abbara, MD; Michael K. Atalay, MD, PhD; Sharmila Dorbala, MD; Linda B. Haramati, MD, MS; Robert C. Hendel, MD; Edward T. Martin, III, MD; Thomas Ryan, MD; Robert M. Steiner, MD ACR Appropriateness Criteria
	ACR appropriateness criteria Chronic chest pain – low to intermediate probability of coronary artery disease Pamela K. Woodard, MD; Richard D. White, MD; Suhny Abbara, MD; Philip A. Araoz, MD; Ricardo C. Cury, MD; Sharmila Dorbala, MD; James P. Earls, MD; Udo Hoffmann, MD, MPH; Joe Y. Hsu, MD; Jill E. Jacobs, MD; Cylen Javidan-Nejad, MD; Rajesh Krishnamurthy, MD; Leena Mammen, MD; Edward T. Martin, MD; Thomas Ryan, MD; Amar B. Shah, MD; Robert M. Steiner, MD; Jens Vogel-Claussen, MD; Charles S. White, MD ACR Appropriateness Criteria
		a) Coronary calcium scoring
		Using noncontrast cardiac CT and coronary artery calcification measurements for cardiovascular risk assessment and management in asymptomatic adults John A Rumberger Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010; 6: 579–591 Published online 2010 August 9. PMCID: PMC2922319
		Coronary artery calcium screening: current status and recommendations from the European Society of Cardiac Radiology and North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Matthijs Oudkerk, Arthur E. Stillman, Sandra S. Halliburton, Willi A. Kalender, Stefan Möhlenkamp, Cynthia H. McCollough, Rozemarijn Vliegenthart, Leslee J. Shaw, William Stanford, Allen J. Taylor, Peter M. A. van Ooijen, Lewis Wexler, and Paolo Raggi Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 August; 24(6): 645–671. Published online 2008 May 27. doi: 10.1007/s10554-008-9319-zPMCID: PMC2493606
		ACCF/AHA 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring by Computed Tomography in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and in Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain Philip Greenland, Robert O. Bonow, Bruce H. Brundage, Matthew J. Budoff, Mark J. Eisenberg, Scott M. Grundy, Michael S. Lauer, Wendy S. Post, Paolo Raggi, Rita F. Redberg, George P. Rodgers, Leslee J. Shaw, Allen J. Taylor, William S. Weintraub, TasK Force Members, Robert A. Harrington, Jonathan Abrams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Eric R. Bates, Mark J. Eisenberg, Cindy L. Grines, Mark A. Hlatky, Robert C. Lichtenberg, Jonathan R. Lindner, Gerald M. Pohost, Richard S. Schofield, Samuel J. Shubrooks, Jr, James H. Stein, Cynthia M. Tracy, Robert A. Vogel, and Deborah J. Wesley Circulation. 2007;115:402-426, published online before print January 12 2007, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA..107.181425
		b) Cardiac CT
		ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Taylor, Allen J., Cerqueira, Manuel, Hodgson, John McB., Mark, Daniel, Min, James, O’Gara, Patrick, Rubin, Geoffrey D. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 56: 1864-1894
		2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Philip Greenland, Joseph S. Alpert, George A. Beller, Emelia J. Benjamin, Matthew J. Budoff, Zahi A. Fayad, Elyse Foster, Mark. A. Hlatky, John McB. Hodgson, Frederick G. Kushner, Michael S. Lauer, Leslee J. Shaw, Sidney C. Smith, Jr, Allen J. Taylor, William S. Weintraub, and Nanette K. Wenger Circulation. 2010;122:e584-e636, published online before print November 12 2010, doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182051b4c
		c) Coronary CTA
		CT of Coronary Artery Disease Gorka Bastarrika, Yeong Shyan Lee, Walter Huda, Balazs Ruzsics, Philip Costello, and U. Joseph Schoepf Radiology November 2009 253:2 317-338; doi:10.1148/radiol.2532081738
		Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease. Mowatt G, Cummins E, Waugh N, Walker S, Cook J, Jia X, Hillis GS, Fraser C. Health Technol Assess. 2008 May;12(17):iii-iv, ix-143.
	2. Physics and cardiac imaging considerations including ECG gating techniques
	Pitfalls to Avoid in Cardiac CT Shawn D. Teague, MD (Cartoons: Peter Griffen, Family Guy, Fox Broadcasting Company; Realistic Stress Test from http://www.medical-jokes.com; ScienceCartoonplus.com – Sidney Harris Cartoons)
	NASCI 2011 Annual Meeting cardiovascular boot camp lecture: CT Angiography Techniques Lee Mitsumori
	NASCI 2011 Annual Meeting Lecture: Image analysis and 3D reconstruction techniques Satinder Singh
	AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorials AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Technologic Advances in Multidetector CT with a Focus on Cardiac Imaging Dianna D. Cody and Mahadevappa Mahesh Radiographics November-December 2007 27:6 1829-1837; doi:10.1148/rg.276075120
		a) Coronary artery calcium scoring
		Coronary Artery Calcium: A Multi-institutional, Multimanufacturer International Standard for Quantification at Cardiac CT Cynthia H. McCollough, Stefan Ulzheimer, Sandra S. Halliburton, Kaiss Shanneik, Richard D. White, and Willi A. Kalender Radiology May 2007 243:2 527-538; doi:10.1148/radiol.2432050808
		Coronary artery calcium screening: current status and recommendations from the European Society of Cardiac Radiology and North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Matthijs Oudkerk, Arthur E. Stillman, Sandra S. Halliburton, Willi A. Kalender, Stefan Möhlenkamp, Cynthia H. McCollough, Rozemarijn Vliegenthart, Leslee J. Shaw, William Stanford, Allen J. Taylor, Peter M. A. van Ooijen, Lewis Wexler, and Paolo Raggi Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 August; 24(6): 645–671. Published online 2008 May 27. doi: 10.1007/s10554-008-9319-zPMCID: PMC2493606

		b) Coronary CTA
		Radiation Dose in Cardiac CT John R. Mayo and Jonathon A. Leipsic AJR March 2009 192:646-653; doi:10.2214/AJR.08.2066
		AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Physics of Cardiac Imaging with Multiple-Row Detector CT Mahadevappa Mahesh and Dianna D. Cody Radiographics September-October 2007 27:5 1495-1509; doi:10.1148/rg.275075045
		c) Aortic CTA
		Cardiothoracic CT Angiography: Current Contrast Medium Delivery Strategies Markus Weininger, J. Michael Barraza, Corey A. Kemper, John F. Kalafut, Philip Costello, and U. Joseph Schoepf AJR March 2011 196:W260-W272; doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5814
		CT Angiography: Current Technology and Clinical Use Kanako K. Kumamaru, MD, Bernice E. Hoppel, PhD,Richard T. Mather, PhD, and Frank J. Rybicki, MD, PhD Radiol Clin North Am. 2010 March; 48(2): 213–235. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2010.02.006PMCID: PMC2901244 NIHMSID: NIHMS180757
		2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Thoracic Aortic Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine Loren F. Hiratzka, George L. Bakris, Joshua A. Beckman, Robert M. Bersin, Vincent F. Carr, Donald E. Casey, Jr, Kim A. Eagle, Luke K. Hermann, Eric M. Isselbacher, Ella A. Kazerooni, Nicholas T. Kouchoukos, Bruce W. Lytle, Dianna M. Milewicz, David L. Reich, Souvik Sen, Julie A. Shinn, Lars G. Svensson, and David M. Williams Circulation. 2010;121:1544-1579, published online before print March 16 2010, doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d47d48
		d) Pulmonary CTA
		Challenges, Controversies, and Hot Topics in Pulmonary Embolism Imaging Gelareh Sadigh, Aine Marie Kelly, and Paul Cronin AJR March 2011 196:497-515; doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5830
		How I Do It: CT Pulmonary Angiography Conrad Wittram AJR May 2007 188:1255-1261; doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1104
	3. Advantages and limitations
	The “Post- 64” Era of Coronary CT Angiography: Understanding New Technology from Physical Principles Hansel J. Otero, MD, Michael L. Steigner, MD, and Frank J. Rybicki, MD, PhD Radiol Clin North Am. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 June 29. Published in final edited form as: Radiol Clin North Am. 2009 January; 47(1): 79–90. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2008.11.001PMCID: PMC2893874 NIHMSID: NIHMS112727
	Triple-Rule-Out CT Angiography for Evaluation of Acute Chest Pain and Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome Ethan J. Halpern Radiology August 2009 252:2 332-345; doi:10.1148/radiol.2522082335
	Assessment of Cardiac Computed Tomography: Myocardial Perfusion Imaging – Promise and Challenges – Girish Dwivedi, Taylor F. Dowsley, Benjamin J.W. Chow Circulation Journal Vol. 76 (2012) No. 3 p. 544 -552 doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-11-1427
	4. Protocols for specific clinical question (e.g. patients with grafts, combined aortic and coronary artery disease, triple rule out)
	CTisUs, advanced diagnostic imaging website Eliot Fishman, MD
	Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols Christopher M Kramer, Jorg Barkhausen, Scott D Flamm, Raymond J Kim and Eike Nagel Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2008, 10:35 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-10-35
	Triple-Rule-Out CT Angiography for Evaluation of Acute Chest Pain and Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome Ethan J. Halpern Radiology August 2009 252:2 332-345; doi:10.1148/radiol.2522082335
	5. Radiation reduction tools
	NASCI 2011 Annual Meeting Lecture: Cutting-Edge Technology: Advances in CT technology Harold Litt
	NASCI 2011 Annual Meeting Lecture: Radiation dose reduction techniques James P. Earls
	SCCT guidelines on radiation dose and dose-optimization strategies in cardiovascular CT Sandra S. Halliburton, Suhny Abbara, Marcus Y. Chen, Ralph Gentry, Mahadevappa Mahesh, Gilbert L. Raff, Leslee J. Shaw, Jörg Hausleiter Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography – July 2011 (Vol. 5, Issue 4, Pages 198-224, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2011.06.001)
	6. Patient selection and preparation, contraindications
	Safety, Efficacy, and Indications of β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade to Reduce Heart Rate prior to Coronary CT Angiography Amir A. Mahabadi, Stephan Achenbach, Christof Burgstahler, Thorsten Dill, Roman Fischbach, Andreas Knez, Werner Moshage, Barbara M. Richartz, Dieter Ropers, Stephen Schröder, Sigmund Silber, Stefan Möhlenkamp, and For the working group “Cardiac CT” of the German Cardiac Society Radiology December 2010 257:3 614-623; doi:10.1148/radiol.10100140
	β-Blockers for Cardiac CT: A Primer for the Radiologist Harpreet K. Pannu, William Alvarez, Jr., and Elliot K. Fishman AJR June 2006 186:S341-S345; doi:10.2214/AJR.04.1944
C. Magnetic resonance imaging
Patient preparation and scanning techniques. Taylor CM, Blum A, Abbara S. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010 Jul ;48(4):675-86. Cardiac MRI: The Basics Patrick T. Norton, M.D., Nicholas C. Nacey, M.D., Dominique B. Caovan, M.D., Spencer B. Gay, M.D., Christopher M. Kramer, M.D., Bryan S. Jeun, M.D. University of Virginia Health System, Department of Radiology
	1. Indications
	Cardiovascular MR Imaging: Physical Principles to Practical Protocols Vivian S. Lee Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. ISBN 0-7817-7996-0.
	Advances in clinical applications of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging W P Bandettini, A E Arai Heart 2008;94:11 1485-1495 Published Online First: 20 January 2008 doi:10.1136/hrt.2007.119016
	ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 Appropriateness Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(7):1475-1497

	2. Physics and imaging considerations, including pulse sequences, ECG-gating techniques, and respiratory compensation strategies
	Cardiovascular MR Imaging: Physical Principles to Practical Protocols Vivian S. Lee Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. ISBN 0-7817-7996-0.
	Steady-State MR Imaging Sequences: Physics, Classification, and Clinical Applications Govind B. Chavhan, Paul S. Babyn, Bhavin G. Jankharia, Hai-Ling M. Cheng, and Manohar M. Shroff Radiographics July-August 2008 28:4 1147-1160; doi:10.1148/rg.284075031
	Cardiac MRI, Technical Aspects Primer Eugene C Lin, MD Medscape Website
		a) Wall motion studies and tagging
		Myocardial tissue tagging with cardiovascular magnetic resonance Monda L Shehata, Susan Cheng, Nael F Osman, David A Bluemke and João AC Lima Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2009, 11:55 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-11-55
		Myocardial tagging by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: evolution of techniques–pulse sequences, analysis algorithms, and applications El-Sayed H Ibrahim Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2011, 13:36 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-36
		b) Myocardial perfusion and viability scanning
		Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis With Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Nathan Mewton, MD, PhD, Chia Ying Liu, PhD, Pierre Croisille, MD, PhD, David Bluemke, MD, PhD, João A.C. Lima, MD, MBA Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Volume 57, Issue 8, 22 February 2011, Pages 891–903 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.013
		MRI for the Assessment of Myocardial Viability (Abstract) Jonathan W. Weinsaft, Igor Klem, Robert M. Judd Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America – November 2007 (Vol. 15, Issue 4, Pages 505-525, DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2007.08.007)
		The cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) approach to assessing myocardial viability (Abstract) Andrew E. Arai MD Journal of Nuclear Cardiology Volume 18, Issue 6 / December, 2011
		c) Valvular disease assessment
		Magnetic resonance imaging in valvular heart disease: Clinical application and current role for patient management (Abstract) Gregor Sommer MD, Jens Bremerich MD, MHBA, Gunnar Lund MD Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volume 35, Issue 6, pages 1241–1252, June 2012 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23544
		Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance Saul G Myerson Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2012, 14:7 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-14-7
		Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease (Abstract) Angela Morello and Eli V. Gelfand CURRENT HEART FAILURE REPORTS Volume 6, Number 3 (2009), 160-166, DOI: 10.1007/s11897-009-0023-7
		d) Blood flow quantification
		Assessment of ventricular function and mass by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Abstract) Khaled Alfakih, Scott Reid, Tim Jones and Mohan Sivananthan EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY Volume 14, Number 10 (2004), 1813-1822, DOI: 10.1007/s00330-004-2387-0
		Quantification in cardiac MRI: advances in image acquisition and processing Anil K. Attili, Andreas Schuster, Eike Nagel, Johan H. C. Reiber and Rob J. van der Geest THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING (FORMERLY CARDIAC IMAGING) Volume 26, Supplement 1 (2010), 27-40, DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9571-x
		e) Coronary MRA
		Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (Abstract) Matthias Stuber PhD, Robert G. Weiss Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volume 26, Issue 2, pages 219–234, August 2007 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20949
		Advances in Coronary MRA from Vessel Wall to Whole Heart Imaging Christian Stehning, Peter Boernert, Kay Nehrke Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences Vol. 6 (2007) No. 3 P 157-170
		Contrast-Enhanced Whole-Heart Coronary MRA using Gadofosveset: 3.0 T versus 1.5 T(Abstract) Maria Prompona, Clemens Cyran, Konstantin Nikolaou, Kerstin Bauner, Maximilian Reiser, Armin Huber Academic Radiology – July 2010 (Vol. 17, Issue 7, Pages 862-870, DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2010.02.009)
		f) MR of the aorta
		Technical Principles of MR Angiography Methods (Abstract) Marko K. Ivancevic, Liesbeth Geerts, William J. Weadock, Thomas L. Chenevert Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America – February 2009 (Vol. 17, Issue 1, Pages 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2009.01.012)
		Nonenhanced MR Angiography Mitsue Miyazaki and Vivian S. Lee Radiology July 2008 248:1 20-43; doi:10.1148/radiol.2481071497
		Low dose CE-MRA (Abstract) Kambiz Nael, John M. Moriarty, J. Paul Finn European Journal of Radiology – October 2011 (Vol. 80, Issue 1, Pages 2-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.092)
		g) Pulmonary MRA
		Pulmonary MR Angiography Techniques and Applications (Abstract) Elizabeth M. Hecht, MD, Andrew Rosenkrantz, MD Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 101-131, February 2009
		Time-Resolved MR Angiography: A Primary Screening Examination of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism and Contraindications to Administration of Iodinated Contrast Material Hale Ersoy, Samuel Z. Goldhaber, Tianxi Cai, Tuan Luu, Joshua Rosebrook, Robert Mulkern, and Frank Rybicki AJR May 2007 188:1246-1254; doi:10.2214/AJR.06.0901
		h) Atherosclerotic plaque evaluation
		Magnetic resonance imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques: Current imaging strategies and molecular imaging probes (Abstract) Karen C. Briley-Saebo PhD, Willem J.M. Mulder PhD, Venkatesh Mani PhD, Fabien Hyafil MD, Vardan Amirbekian MD, Juan Gilberto S. Aguinaldo MD, Edward A. Fisher PhD, Zahi A. Fayad PhD Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volume 26, Issue 3, pages 460–479, September 2007
		The Vulnerable, or High-Risk, Atherosclerotic Plaque: Noninvasive MR Imaging for Characterization and Assessment Tobias Saam, Thomas S. Hatsukami, Norihide Takaya, Baocheng Chu, Hunter Underhill, William S. Kerwin, Jianming Cai, Marina S. Ferguson, and Chun Yuan Radiology July 2007 244:1 64-77; doi:10.1148/radiol.2441051769
		Imaging of atherosclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging (Abstract) Roberto Corti and Valentin Fuster Eur Heart J (2011) 32(14): 1709-1719 first published online April 19, 2011 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr068
		i) Stress Testing

	3. Advantages, limitations, and contraindications
	Assessment of myocardial ischemia and viability using cardiac magnetic resonance (Abstract) Nuno Bettencourt, Amedeo Chiribiri, Andreas Schuster and Eike Nagel CURRENT HEART FAILURE REPORTS Volume 6, Number 3 (2009), 142-153, DOI: 10.1007/s11897-009-0021-9
	Detection of Myocardial Ischemia by Stress Perfusion Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (Abstract) Han W. Kim, Igor Klem, Raymond J. Kim Cardiology Clinics – February 2007 (Vol. 25, Issue 1, Pages 57-70, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2007.02.002)
	Meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance for detection of coronary artery disease Michèle Hamon, Georges Fau, Guillaume Née, Javed Ehtisham, Rémy Morello and Martial Hamon Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2010, 12:29 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-12-29
D. Cardiac scintigraphy (including PET)
	1. Indications
	Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography Frank M. Bengel, MD, , Takahiro Higuchi, MD, Mehrbod S. Javadi, MD, Riikka Lautamäki, MD, PhD Journal of the American College of Cardiology Volume 54, Issue 1, 30 June 2009, Pages 1–15 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.065
	Nuclear Cardiology David K. Shelton, Jr., MD Society of Thoracic Radiology 2010 Meeting Lectures
	The present role of nuclear cardiology in clinical practice (Abstract) Clark A. N., Beller G. A. The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2005 March;49(1):43-58
	2. Physics and cardiac imaging considerations
		a) Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA)
		Cardiac CT, PET and MR Editor(s): Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost Print ISBN: 9781405124478, Online ISBN: 9780470988534, DOI: 10.1002/9780470988534 Copyright © 2006 by Blackwell Publishing
		Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging, 6th Edition Fred A. Mettler, Jr., MD, MPH and Milton J. Guiberteau, MD ISBN: 978-1-4557-0104-9 Copyright: Elsevier 2012
		Nuclear Medicine, 4th Edition Ziessman & O’Malley & Thrall Elsevier 21 Mar 2013 ISBN: 9780323082990
		b) Myocardial perfusion and viability scanning
		Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: past, present and future A Notghi and C S Low The British Journal of Radiology December 2011 84:S229-S236; doi:10.1259/bjr/14625142
		Role of FDG-PET in Evaluation of Myocardial Viability (Abstract) Olga Molchanova-Cook, Wengen Chen PET Clinics – October 2011 (Vol. 6, Issue 4, Pages 383-391, DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2011.08.003)
		Gated single-photon emission computed tomography. The present-day “one-stop-shop” for cardiac imaging (Abstract) Sciagrà R., Leoncini M. The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2005 March;49(1):19-29
		c) Shunt evaluation
		Cardiac CT, PET and MR Editor(s): Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost Print ISBN: 9781405124478, Online ISBN: 9780470988534, DOI: 10.1002/9780470988534 Copyright © 2006 by Blackwell Publishing
		Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging, 6th Edition Fred A. Mettler, Jr., MD, MPH and Milton J. Guiberteau, MD ISBN: 978-1-4557-0104-9 Copyright: Elsevier 2012
		Nuclear Medicine, 4th Edition Ziessman & O’Malley & Thrall Elsevier 21 Mar 2013 ISBN: 9780323082990
		d) Rb-82 PET CT
		Cardiac CT, PET and MR Editor(s): Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost Print ISBN: 9781405124478, Online ISBN: 9780470988534, DOI: 10.1002/9780470988534 Copyright © 2006 by Blackwell Publishing
		Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging, 6th Edition Fred A. Mettler, Jr., MD, MPH and Milton J. Guiberteau, MD ISBN: 978-1-4557-0104-9 Copyright: Elsevier 2012
		Nuclear Medicine, 4th Edition Ziessman & O’Malley & Thrall Elsevier 21 Mar 2013 ISBN: 9780323082990
	3. Advantages and limitations
	CT vs SPECT: CT is the first-line test for the diagnosis and prognosis of stable coronary artery disease (Abstract) Ahmed Aljizeeri MBBS, Myra S. Cocker PhD, Benjamin J. W. Chow MD, FRCPC, FACC, FASNC, FSCCT Journal of Nuclear Cardiology April 2013
	SPECT/PET myocardial perfusion imaging versus coronary CT angiography in patients with known or suspected CAD (Abstract) Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Min JK, Hachamovitch R, Abidov A, Germano G, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Thomson LE, Kang X, Slomka P, Rozanski A Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010 Apr;54(2):177-200.
	Roles of Nuclear Cardiology, Cardiac Computed Tomography, and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Noninvasive Risk Stratification and a Conceptual Framework for the Selection of Noninvasive Imaging Tests in Patients with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Daniel S. Berman, Rory Hachamovitch, Leslee J. Shaw, John D. Friedman, Sean W. Hayes, Louise E.J. Thomson, David S. Fieno, Guido Germano, Nathan D. Wong, Xingping Kang, and Alan Rozanski J Nucl Med July 2006 47:1107-1118
E. Other (working understanding)
	1. Echocardiography (transthoracic and transesophageal)
		a) Indications
		b) Technique including standard views and use of color Doppler
		c) Advantages and limitation
	2. Cardiac and coronary catheter angiography
		a) Indications
		A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography) developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions Scanlon P, Faxon D, Audet A, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1756-1824. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00126-6
		Low Diagnostic Yield of Elective Coronary Angiography Manesh R. Patel, M.D., Eric D. Peterson, M.D., M.P.H., David Dai, M.S., J. Matthew Brennan, M.D., Rita F. Redberg, M.D., H. Vernon Anderson, M.D., Ralph G. Brindis, M.D., and Pamela S. Douglas, M.D. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:886-895March 11, 2010DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907272
		Current Concepts of Integrated Coronary Physiology in the Catheterization Laboratory. Kern MJ, Samady H. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(3):173-185. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.062.
		b) Technique including standard views and transcatheter tools (e.g. intraluminal ultrasound)
		Guidelines: SCCT guidelines for performance of coronary computed tomographic angiography: A report of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Guidelines Committee Suhny Abbara, MD, Armin Arbab-Zadeh, MD, Tracy Q. Callister, MD, Milind Y. Desai, MD, Wilfred Mamuya, MD, PhD, Louise Thomson, MBChB, FRACP, Wm. Guy Weigold, MD Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (2009) doi:10.1016/j.jcct.2009.03.004
		Contemporary Clinical Applications of Coronary Intravascular Ultrasound McDaniel MC, Eshtehardi P, Sawaya FJ, Douglas JS, Jr, Samady H. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2011;4(11):1155-1167. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2011.07.013.
		Yale University School of Medicine – Cardiothoracic Imaging C. Carl Jaffe, MD, Medical Editor
		Angiographic Projections Made Simple: An Easy Guide to Understanding Oblique Views Morton Kern, MD Cath Lab Digest Volume 19 – Issue 8 – August 2011
		c) Advantages and limitations
		A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography) developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions Scanlon P, Faxon D, Audet A, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1756-1824. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00126-6

Techniques for imaging the heart and great vessels

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