Radiation

A. Distinguish between exposure, absorbed dose and effective dose
Imaging & Therapeutic Technology AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Topics in CT: Radiation Dose in CT Michael F. McNitt-Gray Radiographics November 2002 22:1541-1553; doi:10.1148/rg.226025128
B. Understand the measurements for dose – CTDI, CTDI 100, dose length product
Imaging & Therapeutic Technology AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Topics in CT: Radiation Dose in CT Michael F. McNitt-Gray Radiographics November 2002 22:1541-1553; doi:10.1148/rg.226025128
Volume CT Dose Index and Dose-Length Product Displayed during CT: What Good Are They? Walter Huda and Fred A. Mettler Radiology January 2011 258:1 236-242; Published online October 22, 2010, doi:10.1148/radiol.10100297
C. Understand the weighting factor for various organs and tissues
Converting Dose-Length Product to Effective Dose at CT1 Walter Huda, Kent M. Ogden, and Mohammad R. Khorasani Radiology September 2008 248:995-1003; doi:10.1148/radiol.2483071964
Organ doses to adult patients for chest CT Walter Huda, Alexander Sterzik, Sameer Tipnis and U. Joseph Schoepf Med Phys. 2010 February; 37(2): 842–847. Published online 2010 January 27. doi: 10.1118/1.3298015PMCID: PMC2826387
D. Be able to read and understand the dose sheets produced by the CT scanner at the end of the examination
Deciphering the Alphabet Soup of CT Radiation Dose Sheets: DLP, CTDI, mAs, and More Stefan L Zimmerman, MD; Tessa S Cook, MD; WoojinKim, MD; Andrew D Maidment, PhD; William W Boonn, MD Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD a nd Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
Radiation Dose Modulation Techniques in the Multidetector CT Era: From Basics to Practice Chang Hyun Lee, Jin Mo Goo, Hyun Ju Ye, Sung-Joon Ye, Chang Min Park, Eun Ju Chun, and Jung-Gi Im Radiographics September-October 2008 28:5 1451-1459; doi:10.1148/rg.285075075
E. Dose minimization techniques in cardiac and vascular CT
Radiation Dose From Cardiac Computed Tomography Before and After Implementation of Radiation Dose–Reduction Techniques Gilbert L. Raff, Kavitha M. Chinnaiyan, David A. Share, Tauqir Y. Goraya, Ella A. Kazerooni, Mauro Moscucci, Ralph E. Gentry, Aiden Abidov , for the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Consortium Co-Investigators JAMA. 2009;301(22):2340-2348. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.814
Estimated Radiation Dose Associated With Cardiac CT Angiography Jörg Hausleiter, Tanja Meyer, Franziska Hermann, Martin Hadamitzky, Markus Krebs, Thomas C. Gerber, Cynthia McCollough, Stefan Martinoff, Adnan Kastrati, Albert Schömig, Stephan Achenbach JAMA. 2009;301(5):500-507. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.54
Radiation Dose Reduction in Cardiothoracic CT Karin E. Dill, MD Society of Thoracic Radiation Video
	1. Scanner based
	Technical Advances in Cardiac CT (Abstract) Stephan Achenbach, Takeshi Kondo Cardiology Clinics – February 2012 (Vol. 30, Issue 1, Pages 1-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2011.11.002)
	Cardiac Computed Tomography Technology and Dose-reduction Strategies (Abstract) James P. Earls, Jonathon Leipsic Radiologic Clinics of North America – July 2010 (Vol. 48, Issue 4, Pages 657-674, DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2010.04.003)
	2. Operator based
	Trends in radiation protection in CT: present and future status Bernhard Bischoff, Franziska Hein, Tanja Meyer, Martin Hadamitzky, Stefan Martinoff, Albert Schömig, Jörg Hausleiter J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009 Nov-Dec;3 Suppl 2:S65-73. Epub 2009 Nov 15.
	Cardiac Computed Tomography Technology and Dose-reduction Strategies (Abstract) James P. Earls, Jonathon Leipsic Radiologic Clinics of North America – July 2010 (Vol. 48, Issue 4, Pages 657-674, DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2010.04.003)
	Minimizing Radiation Dose for Coronary CT Angiography (Abstract) Gabriel Vorobiof, Stephan Achenbach, Jagat Narula Cardiology Clinics – February 2012 (Vol. 30, Issue 1, Pages 9-17, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2011.11.003)
F. Understand the implications in terms of dose of increasing the cranio-caudal field of view by “x” cm (e.g. 5 cm) in retrospectively gated cardiac CT.
Overranging at Multisection CT: An Underestimated Source of Excess Radiation Exposure Arnold Schilham, Aart J. van der Molen, Mathias Prokop, and Hugo W. de Jong Radiographics July 2010 30:4 1057-1067; doi:10.1148/rg.304095167
Estimated Radiation Dose Associated With Cardiac CT Angiography Hausleiter J, Meyer T, Hermann F, et al. JAMA. 2009;301(5):500-507.
G. Understand the dose savings from retrospectively gated to prospectively triggered CT.
Patient radiation doses in cardiac computed tomography: comparison of published results with prospective and retrospective acquisition (Abtract) Efstathopoulos EP, Pantos I, Thalassinou S, Argentos S, Kelekis NL, Zografos T, Panayiotakis G, Katritsis DG. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012 Jan;148(1):83-91
Prospective versus retrospective ECG-gated multislice CT coronary angiography: A systematic review of radiation dose and diagnostic accuracy(Abstract) Zhonghua Sun, Kwan-Hoong Ng European Journal of Radiology – February 2012 (Vol. 81, Issue 2, Pages e94-e100, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.070)
H. Understand the dose savings from reducing the kvp from 120 to 100
Use of 100 kV versus 120 kV in cardiac dual source computed tomography: effect on radiation dose and image quality (Abstract) Ron Blankstein, Michael A. Bolen, Rodrigo Pale, Meagan K. Murphy, Amar B. Shah, Hiram G. Bezerra, Ammar Sarwar, Ian S. Rogers, Udo Hoffmann and Suhny Abbara, et al Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Apr;27(4):579-86. Epub 2010 Aug 19.
Radiation dose reduction by using 100-kV tube voltage in cardiac 64-slice computed tomography: A comparative study (Abstract) Gudrun M. Feuchtner, Daniel Jodocy, Andrea Klauser, Bernhard Haberfellner, Iman Aglan, Alexander Spoeck, Stefan Hiehs, Peter Soegner, Werner Jaschke European Journal of Radiology – July 2010 (Vol. 75, Issue 1, Pages e51-e56, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.07.012)
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Diagnostic Performance of Reduced Tube Voltage for Coronary CT Angiography Jonathon Leipsic, Troy M. LaBounty, G. B. John Mancini, Brett Heilbron, Carolyn Taylor, Mark A. Johnson, Cameron Hague, James P. Earls, Amr Ajlan, and James K. Min AJR April 2011 196:801-806; doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5786

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