Physiological aspects of cardiac imaging

A. Normal cardiac cycle
	1. Systole and diastole
	Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function with Cardiac MR Imaging Jérôme Caudron, Jeannette Fares, Fabrice Bauer, and Jean-Nicolas Dacher Radiographics January-February 2011 31:1 239-259; doi:10.1148/rg.311105049
	2. Ventricular function
	Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function with Cardiac MR Imaging Jérôme Caudron, Jeannette Fares, Fabrice Bauer, and Jean-Nicolas Dacher Radiographics January-February 2011 31:1 239-259; doi:10.1148/rg.311105049
	Tests to evaluate left ventricular systolic function. M Barbara Srichai, MD, MS, FACC, FAHA, Peter G Danias, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC, João Lima, MD Wolters Kluwer Up-to-Date
	3. Atrial function
	Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function with Cardiac MR Imaging Jérôme Caudron, Jeannette Fares, Fabrice Bauer, and Jean-Nicolas Dacher Radiographics January-February 2011 31:1 239-259; doi:10.1148/rg.311105049
	CT of the Pulmonary Veins Lacomis, Joan M. MD; Goitein, Orly MD; Deible, Christopher MD, PhD; Schwartzman, David MD Journal of Thoracic Imaging: February 2007 – Volume 22 – Issue 1 – pp 63-76 doi: 10.1097/RTI.0b013e3180317aaf
	4. Valvular function
	Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com
	Normal Cardiac Cycle HyperHeart Animation – Univesity of Utah Dr. Don Blumenthal and the Knowledge Weavers
	Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology Sam Dudley, MD, PhD Emory University
	Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices (Textbook) Iaizzo, Paul A. (Ed.)2nd ed., 2009, X, 700 p. 414 illus., 214 in color. With CD-ROM. A product of Humana Press
B. Electrocardiography
	1. Control of excitation and conducation of the heart
	Cardio Electrophysiology Tutorial Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com
	Elementary ECG (aka EKG) Thomas Schimming
	The Cardiac Cycle and the Conduction System Lorraine T. Nott, RT (N), CNMT Nuclear Cardiology Seminars
	The Autonomic Nervous System Lorraine T. Nott, RT (N), CNMT Nuclear Cardiology Seminars
	ECG tutorial: Physiology of the conduction system Jordan M. Prutkin, MD Wolters Kluwer Up-to-Date
	2. Characteristics of normal sinus rhythm
	Normal sinus rhythm and sinus arrhythmia William H. Sauer, MD Wolters Kluwer Up-to-Date
	The Normal Electrocardiogram Lorraine T. Nott, RT (N), CNMT Nuclear Cardiology Seminars
	3. Common abnormalities in ECG
		a) Premature atrial contraction
		b) Premature ventricular contraction
		c) Atrial fibrillation
		d) Atrial flutter
		e) Atrioventricular block
		f) Current of injury (signs of myocardial ischemia and infarction)
	ECG Library Dean Jenkins, Consultant Physician, UK, Stephen Gerred, Consultant Physician, Auckland, New Zealand
	Reading Abnormal 12 Lead EKGsWalid Harb, Medical Director, University of Detroit Mercy

C. Physiological anatomy of cardiac muscle
Braunwald’s Heart Disease, 9th edition, (Part IV – Heart Failure – CHAPTER 24 – Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation (Textbook) Lionel H. Opie, Gerd Hasenfuss Robert O. Bonow, MD, Douglas L. Mann, MD, FACC, Douglas P. Zipes, MD and Peter Libby, MD
Anatomy & Physiology, 1^st edition, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity (Textbook) Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick, and Jon Runyeon
D. Mechanics of cardiac contraction
Braunwald’s Heart Disease, 9th edition, (Part IV – Heart Failure – CHAPTER 24 – Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation (Textbook) Lionel H. Opie, Gerd Hasenfuss, Robert O. Bonow, MD, Douglas L. Mann, MD, FACC, Douglas P. Zipes, MD and Peter Libby, MD
Anatomy & Physiology, 1^st edition, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity (Textbook) Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick, and Jon Runyeon
E. Physical basis for blood flow, pressure, and resistance
Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in Heart Failure (Abstract) Barry A. Borlaug, David A. Kass Cardiology Clinics Volume 29, Issue 2 , Pages 269-280, May 2011
	1. Ventricular volume and pressure relationship
		a) Pre-load
		Cardiac Preload Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com
		Misled by the wedge? The Swan-Ganz catheter and left ventricular preload R Raper and W J Sibbald CHEST March 1986 vol. 89 no. 3 427-434 doi: 10.1378/chest.89.3.427
		b) After-load
		Cardiac Afterload Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com
		Noninvasive Evaluation of Left Ventricular Afterload: Part 1: Pressure and Flow Measurements and Basic Principles of Wave Conduction and Reflection Julio A. Chirinos and Patrick SegersHypertension. 2010;56:555-562, published online before print August 23 2010, doi:10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.157321
		Noninvasive Evaluation of Left Ventricular Afterload: Part 2: Arterial Pressure-Flow and Pressure-Volume Relations in Humans Julio A. Chirinos and Patrick Segers Hypertension. 2010;56:563-570, published online before print August 23 2010, doi:10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.157339
	2. Practical cardiac measurements
	Quantification in cardiac MRI: advances in image acquisition and processing (Abstract) Anil K. Attili, Andreas Schuster, Eike Nagel, Johan H. C. Reiber and Rob J. van der Geest The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (formerly Cardiac Imaging) Volume 26, Supplement 1 (2010), 27-40, DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9571-x
	The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Myerson S, Selvanayagam JB, Neubauer S. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(15):1407-1424.
		a) Ejection fraction
		Imaging the right ventricle—current state of the art (Abstract) Luc L. Mertens & Mark K. Friedberg Nature Reviews Cardiology 7, 551-563 (October 2010) \| doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.118
		Heart failure with normal ejection fraction: the complementary roles of echocardiography and cmr imaging Leong DP, De Pasquale CG, Selvanayagam JB. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2010;3(4):409-420.
		MRI of left ventricular function (Abstract) Frederick H. Epstein Journal of Nuclear Cardiology Volume 14, Number 5 (2007), 729-744, DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2007.07.006

		b) Stroke volume
		Clinical Application of CT Coronary Angiography: State of the Art (Abstract) F.R. de Graaf, MD, J.D. Schuijf, PhD, V. Delgado, MD, J.E. van Velzen, MD, L.J. Kroft, MD, PhD, A. de Roos, MD, PhDc, J.W. Jukema, MD, PhDa, E.E. van der Wall, MD, J.J. Bax, MD, PhD Heart, Lung and Circulation, Volume 19, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 107–116 doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2009.11.004
		Use of multidetector computed tomography for evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function (Abstract) Samer H. Sayyed, MD, , Mark M. Cassidy, MD, M. Azam Hadi, MD Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Volume 3, Issue 1, Supplement, January–February 2009, Pages S23–S34 doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2008.10.016
		Quantification in cardiac MRI: advances in image acquisition and processing (Abstract) Anil K. Attili, Andreas Schuster, Eike Nagel, Johan H. C. Reiber and Rob J. van der Geest The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (formerly Cardiac Imaging) Volume 26, Supplement 1 (2010), 27-40, DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9571-x
		c) Left ventricular mass
		Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance Saul G Myerson Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2012, 14:7 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-14-7
		The Role of Cardiac MR in New-Onset Heart Failure (Abstract) Yong-Jin Kim and Raymond J. Kim Current Cardiology Reports Volume 13, Number 3 (2011), 185-193, DOI: 10.1007/s11886-011-0179-0
		d) Flow calculation (Q=VxA)
		Quantification of Flow Dynamics in Congenital Heart Disease: Applications of Velocity-encoded Cine MR Imaging Gita A. Varaprasathan, Philip A. Araoz, Charles B. Higgins, and Gautham P. Reddy Radiographics July 2002 22:4 895-905
		e) Gradient calculation (Bernoulli equation, G=4xPV2)
		Quantification of Flow Dynamics in Congenital Heart Disease: Applications of Velocity-encoded Cine MR Imaging Gita A. Varaprasathan, Philip A. Araoz, Charles B. Higgins, and Gautham P. Reddy Radiographics July 2002 22:4 895-905
		Velocity-encoded Cine MR Imaging in Aortic Coarctation: Functional Assessment of Hemodynamic Events Jeffrey J. Hom, Karen Ordovas, and Gautham P. Reddy Radiographics March-April 2008 28:2 407-416; doi:10.1148/rg.282075705
		Detection and Quantification of Valvular Heart Disease with Dynamic Cardiac MR Imaging Dominique Didier, Osman Ratib, René Lerch, and Beat Friedli Radiographics September 2000 20:5 1279-1299
		f) Qp/Qs ratio
		The use of magnetic resonance imaging in adult congenital heart disease. (Abstract) Wexler L, Higgins CB Am J Card Imaging. 1995 Jan;9(1):15-28.
		Evaluation of intracardiac shunts with cardiac magnetic resonance (Abstract) Patrick M. Colletti Current Cardiology Reports Volume 7, Number 1 (2005), 52-58, DOI: 10.1007/s11886-005-0011-9
		Quantification of left-to-right shunting in adult congenital heart disease: phase-contrast cine MRI compared with invasive oximetry K Debl, B Djavidani, S Buchner, N Heinicke, F Poschenrieder, S Feuerbach, G Riegger, and A Luchner Br J Radiol May 2009 82:386-391; published ahead of print January 19, 2009, doi:10.1259/bjr/18500608
		g) Diastolic heart function
		Diastolic dysfunction: Improved understanding using emerging imaging techniques (Abstract) Daniel Daneshvar, Janet Wei, Kirsten Tolstrup, Louise E.J. Thomson, Chrisandra Shufelt, C. Noel Bairey Merz American Heart Journal – September 2010 (Vol. 160, Issue 3, Pages 394-404, DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.06.040)
		Unlocking the mysteries of diastolic function: Deciphering the rosetta stone 10 years laterLester SJ, Tajik A, Nishimura RA, Oh JK, Khandheria BK, Seward JB. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(7):679-689.
	3. Normal cardiac and pulmonary pressures; Vascular regions supplied by the coronary arteries; Standard nomenclature for topographic imaging of the heart
	Pathophysiology of Heart Failure Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com
	Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com
	Hemodynamics of Single and Multiple Arterial Stenotic Lesions Richard E. Klabunde, PhD, Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine CVPhysiology.com

Physiological aspects of cardiac imaging

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