Physics

A. CT physics
	1. MDCT artifacts relevant to cardiac and vascular imaging.
	Artifacts in ECG-Synchronized MDCT Coronary Angiography L. J. M. Kroft, A. de Roos, and J. Geleijns AJR September 2007 189:581-591; doi:10.2214/AJR.07.2138
	Pitfalls, Artifacts, and Remedies in Multi– Detector Row CT Coronary Angiography Hyun Seok Choi, Byoung Wook Choi, Kyu Ok Choe, Donghoon Choi, Kyung-Jong Yoo, Myoung-In Kim, and Jinna Kim Radiographics May 2004 24:787-800; doi:10.1148/rg.243035502
	2. Understanding trade offs between noise, dose and image quality.
	Relationship between Noise, Dose, and Pitch in Cardiac Multi–Detector Row CT Andrew N. Primak, Cynthia H. McCollough, Michael R. Bruesewitz, Jie Zhang, and Joel G. Fletcher Radiographics November-December 2006 26:1785-1794; doi:10.1148/rg.266065063
	Optimizing radiation dose and image quality (Abstract) Carlo Catalano, Marco Francone, Adriano Ascarelli, Matteo Mangia, Ilaria Iacucci and Roberto Passariello European Radiology Supplements Volume 17, Supplement 6, 26-32, DOI: 10.1007/s10406-007-0225-6
	Techniques and parameters for estimating radiation exposure and dose in cardiac computed tomography (Abstract) Thomas C. Gerber, Ronald S. Kuzo and Richard L. Morin The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (formerly Cardiac Imaging) Volume 21, Number 1, 165-176, DOI: 10.1007/s10554-004-5338-6
	3. Spatial resolution, contrast resolution and imaging reconstruction algorithms
	Technical and Clinical Aspects of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (Abstract) Dirk Schnapauff, Elke Zimmermann, Marc Dewey Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI – June 2008 (Vol. 29, Issue 3, Pages 167-175, DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2008.02.002)
	The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Search for Isotropic Resolution in CT from Conventional through Multiple-Row Detector Mahadevappa M. Radiographics July 2002 22:4 949-962
	AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Physics of Cardiac Imaging with Multiple-Row Detector CT Mahadevappa Mahesh and Dianna D. Cody Radiographics September-October 2007 27:5 1495-1509; doi:10.1148/rg.275075045
	4. Temporal resolution, half scan and multi-segment reconstruction.
	What are the basic concepts of temporal, contrast, and spatial resolution in cardiac CT? (Abstract) Eugene Lin, Adam Alessio Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography – November 2009 (Vol. 3, Issue 6, Pages 403-408, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2009.07.003)
	Heart Rate Adaptive Optimization of Spatial and Temporal Resolution for Electrocardiogram-Gated Multislice Spiral CT of the Heart (Abstract) Flohr, Thomas; Ohnesorge, Bernd Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography: November/December 2001 – Volume 25 – Issue 6 – pp 907-923 Dual-energy CT of the Heart Vliegenthart R, Pelgrim GJ, Ebersberger U, Rowe GW, Oudkerk M, Schoepf UJ AJR Am J Roentgenology Nov 2012 199(5 Suppl):S54-63. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9208.
	5. Different CT technologies (MDCT, EBCT, dual source) Concept of pitch.
	AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorials AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Technologic Advances in Multidetector CT with a Focus on Cardiac Imaging Dianna D. Cody and Mahadevappa Mahesh Radiographics November-December 2007 27:1829-1837; doi:10.1148/rg.276075120
	Recent Technologic Advances in Multi-Detector Row Cardiac CT (Abstract) Sandra Simon Halliburton Cardiology Clinics – November 2009 (Vol. 27, Issue 4, Pages 655-664, DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2009.06.007)
	Tomographic plaque imaging with CT: technical considerations and capabilities. Rumberger JA. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2003 Sep-Oct;46(2):123-34.
	6. ECG editing – when, what, how and why?
	Improving Diagnostic Accuracy of MDCT Coronary Angiography in Patients with Mild Heart Rhythm Irregularities Using ECG Editing Filippo Cademartiri, Nico R. Mollet, Giuseppe Runza, Timo Baks, Massimo Midiri, Eugene P. McFadden, Thomas G. Flohr, Bernd Ohnesorge, Pim J. de Feyter, and Gabriel P. Krestin AJR March 2006 186:634-638; doi:10.2214/AJR.04.1797
	7. Contrast injection – principles, protocols, bolus geometry, iodine flux
	Intravenous contrast medium administration and scan timing at CT: considerations and approaches Bae KT. Radiology. 2010 Jul;256(1):32-61.
	Cardiothoracic CT Angiography: Current Contrast Medium Delivery Strategies (Abstract) Markus Weininger, J. Michael Barraza, Corey A. Kemper, John F. Kalafut, Philip Costello, and U. Joseph Schoepf AJR March 2011 196:W260-W272; doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5814
	Contrast Enhancement in Cardiovascular MDCT: Effect of Body Weight, Height, Body Surface Area, Body Mass Index, and Obesity Kyongtae T. Bae, Brian A. Seeck, Charles F. Hildebolt, Cheng Tao, Fang Zhu, Masayuki Kanematsu, and Pamela K. Woodard AJR March 2008 190:777-784; doi:10.2214/AJR.07.2765


B. MRI Physics
	1. MRI artifacts relevant to cardiac and vascular imaging. Trade off between spatial resolution, temporal resolution, contrast resolution and acquisition time
	Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics for clinicians: part I John P Ridgway Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2010, 12:71 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-12-71
	Optimizing Cardiac MR Imaging: Practical Remedies for Artifacts Farhood Saremi, John D. Grizzard, and Raymond J. Kim Radiographics July-August 2008 28:1161-1187; doi:10.1148/rg.284065718
	2. Principles of black blood, edema and scar imaging
	Delayed Enhancement MR Imaging: Utility in Myocardial Assessment Jens Vogel-Claussen, Carlos E. Rochitte, Katherine C. Wu, Ihab R. Kamel, Thomas K. Foo, João A. C. Lima, and David A. Bluemke Radiographics May-June 2006 26:795-810; doi:10.1148/rg.263055047
	“Black blood” T2-weighted inversion-recovery MR imaging of the heart (Abstract) Simonetti OP, Finn JP, White RD, Laub G, Henry DA. Radiology. 1996 Apr;199(1):49-57
	3. Segmented K space cine imaging
	Principles and applications of balanced SSFP techniques (Abstract) Klaus Scheffler and Stefan Lehnhardt European Radiology Volume 13, Number 11, 2409-2418, DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-1957-x
	Segmented K-space cine breath-hold cardiovascular MR imaging: Part 1. Principles and technique. D A Bluemke, J L Boxerman, E Atalar, and E R McVeigh AJR August 1997 169:395-400
	4. Phase velocity imaging – principles, applications and limitations
	Cardiovascular Applications of Phase-Contrast MRI Monvadi B. Srichai, Ruth P. Lim, Samson Wong, and Vivian S. Lee AJR March 2009 192:662-675; doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3744
	Cardiovascular Flow Measurement with Phase-Contrast MR Imaging: Basic Facts and Implementation Joachim Lotz, Christian Meier, Andreas Leppert, and Michael Galanski Radiographics May 2002 22:651-671
	5. Imaging faster
	Steady-State MR Imaging Sequences: Physics, Classification, and Clinical Applications Govind B. Chavhan, Paul S. Babyn, Bhavin G. Jankharia, Hai-Ling M. Cheng, and Manohar M. Shroff Radiographics July-August 2008 28:1147-1160; doi:10.1148/rg.284075031
	Parallel MR Imaging: A User’s Guide James F. Glockner, Houchun H. Hu, David W. Stanley, Lisa Angelos, and Kevin King Radiographics September-October 2005 25:1279-1297; doi:10.1148/rg.255045202
	An Interactive Taxonomy of MR Imaging Sequences Gerard E. Boyle, Mary Ahern, Jennie Cooke, Niall P. Sheehy, and James F. Meaney Radiographics November-December 2006 26:e24; Published online September 13, 2006, doi:10.1148/rg.e24
	6. Contrast enhanced 3-D MRA – advantages and limitations
	Technical Principles of MR Angiography Methods (Abstract) Marko K. Ivancevic, Liesbeth Geerts, William J. Weadock, Thomas L. Chenevert Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America – February 2009 (Vol. 17, Issue 1, Pages 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2009.01.012)
	Pulmonary MR Angiography Techniques and Applications (Abstract) Elizabeth M. Hecht, Andrew Rosenkrantz Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America – February 2009 (Vol. 17, Issue 1, Pages 101-131, DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2009.01.001)
	MR Imaging of the Thoracic Aorta Derek G. Lohan, Mayil Krishnam, Roya Saleh, Anderanik Tomasian, J. Paul Finn Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America – May 2008 (Vol. 16, Issue 2, Pages 213-234, DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2008.02.016)
	7. Non-gadolinium MRA – principles, options and limitations
	Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions Michael P Hartung , Thomas M Grist and Christopher J François Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2011, 13:19doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-19
	Nonenhanced MR Angiography Mitsue Miyazaki and Vivian S. Lee Radiology July 2008 248:20-43; doi:10.1148/radiol.2481071497
	Flow Phenomena in MR Imaging Bradley WG. AJR 150: 983-994, 1988

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